Expanding the range of liquid fuel sources is crucial for energy security, and gas-to-liquids & coal-to-liquids technologies are providing innovative pathways for alternative fuel production. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and catalytic conversion processes transform natural gas and coal into cleaner-burning liquid fuels, reducing dependence on conventional crude oil. Advances in carbon capture and utilization are helping mitigate emissions associated with these conversion technologies. Process integration and optimization are improving overall efficiency while making these methods more economically viable. With growing interest in synthetic fuels, research into catalyst efficiency, process intensification, and environmental impact reduction is driving progress toward more sustainable liquid fuel production.